Evaluasi proses menelan disfagia orofaring dengan Fiberoptic Endoscopic Examination of Swallowing (FEES)

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Disfagia adalah kesulitan dalam memulai atau menyelesaikan proses menelan. Disfagia dapat dibedakan menjadi disfagia orofaring dan disfagia esofagus. Sebagian besar pasien dengan keluhan disfagia mengeluhkan atau mengalami kesulitan menelan terutama pada fase orofaring. Disfagia orofaring dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan neurologis dan kelainan struktur yang terlibat dalam proses menelan. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk  mengetahui perbedaan kejadian temuan FEES pada disfagia neurogenik dan mekanik. Metode: Penelitian observasional pada 10 kasus disfagia neurogenik dan 40 kasus disfagia mekanik kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan FEES untuk melihat regurgitasi,
leakage, residu, penetrasi, dan aspirasi setelah  diberikan 6 jenis bolus makanan yang berbeda mulai dari air, susu, bubur saring, bubur tepung, bubur biasa 5 ml, dan  seperempat biskuit. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara disfagia neurogenik dengan disfagia mekanik dalam hal kejadian residu air (p=0,001; RP=16,000; IK 95%: 2,830-90,465), penetrasi (p=0,006; RP=9,333; IK 95%: 1,721-50,614). Penetrasi air (p=0,020; RP=6,000; IK 95%: 1,365–26,451), aspirasi (p=0,018; RP=7,000; IK 95%:
1,480-33,109), aspirasi air (p=0,018; RP=7,000; IK 95%: 1,480-33,109). Tidak didapat perbedaan yang bermakna dalam hal  regurgitasi; leakage; residu susu, bubur saring, bubur tepung, dan biskuit; penetrasi susu, bubur biasa, bubur tepung, dan biskuit; serta aspirasi  susu, bubur biasa, bubur tepung, dan biskuit. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara disfagia neurogenik dengan mekanik dalam hal kejadian residu air, penetrasi air, aspirasi, dan aspirasi air. Tidak didapat perbedaan yang bermakna dalam hal  regurgitasi, leakage, residu, penetrasi, dan aspirasi pada konsistensi yang lain. 

Kata kunci: Disfagia neurogenik, disfagia mekanik, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing.  

ABSTRACT
Background: Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing or completing ingestion. Dysphagia can be divided as oropharyngeal dysphagia and esophageal dysphagia. The majority of dysphagia cases are in oropharyngeal phase. Oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults can be due to neurological disorders or
anatomical abnormalities. Objective: This research aimed to observe the differences of FEES findings in neurogenic dysphagia and mechanical dysphagia. Methods: The study was conducted using the observational method and the cross-sectional approach to 10 neurogenic dysphagia and 40 mechanical dysphagia. FEES examination was conducted to observe regurgitation, leakage, residu, penetration, and aspiration after the administration of 5 ml bolus of food with 6 types of different consistencies: water, milk, liquified sifted rice porridge, flour porridge, rice porridge, and a quarter of biscuit. Results: The research findings revealed that there was a significant difference between the neurogenic with mechanical dysphagia in residual of water (p=0.001; RP=16,000; 95% CI=2.830 to 90.465), penetration (p=0.006; RP=9.333; 95% CI=1.721 to 50.614). Penetration of water (p=0.020; RP=6.000; 95% CI=1.365 to 26.451), aspiration (p=0.018; RP=7.000; 95% CI=1.480 to 33.109), aspiration of water (p=0.018;
RP=7.000; 95% CI=1.480 to 33.109. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the neurogenic with mechanical dysphagia in water residual, penetration, penetration of water, aspiration, and aspiration of water. There were no significant differences for regurgitation, leakage and residual of milk, sifted rice porridge, flour porridge and biscuit; also in penetration of milk, flour porridge and rice porridge; and aspiration of milk, flour porridge, rice porridge and biscuit.

Keywords: Neurogenic dysphagia, mechanical dysphagia, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing(FEES).